The Buddhist Spiritual Tradition 
Buddhism

Historical Perspective

Scholars disagree abut the date, but not the place of the Buddha’s birth, it was on the border of Nepal and India.  It was either 448-368 or 563-483 B.C.E.  Buddha means the “Awakened” or “Enlightened One”.  It was the name given to Siddhartha Gautama, the founder of Buddhism.  The majority of Buddhists believe that there have been, and will be in the future, many other Buddhas.  Some even claim that Jesus Christ was a Buddha.

Buddhism has spread to many parts of the world.  Nevertheless, during the twentieth century it has been subjected to great suppression by the Chinese, more than at any other time in its history. Today, it is estimated that between one-third and one-fifth of the people on earth follow some aspect of this many-aspected religious philosophy and their number is steadily increasing, not only in Asian countries like India but also in modern Europe and America.  Many modern Westerners now study and practice Zen; others have formed communities under the guidance of exiled Tibetans or have taken instruction in Theravada Buddhism with teachers from Burma, Sri Lanka or Thailand. In Hawaii, America’s newest state, Buddhism is the major religious denomination.  During its long centuries of quiet pilgrimage by the land and sea, much of Buddhism’s powerful influence may have had its source in the deliberate avoidance of claims to exclusive truth, adherence to inflexible dogma, or the authority of any final, sacrosanct, theocratic hierarchy.  The “Come and see for yourself” attitude of the original Great Teacher, Siddhartha Gautama, who became the Buddha, tended to lower the resistance that so often attends the arrival of a new and unfamiliar faith. This has lead to its great popularity.  

 The story of Buddha is the life story of Siddhartha Gautama. He was born in a household of many riches and privilege.  Only after he married and wandered outside the holdings of his parents did he observe the suffering in the world.  He became interested in working with the masses and at age 29 decided to give up being a prince and became the wandering ascetic.  This is called the Great Renunciation. 

One day Siddhartha went to meditate beneath a papal tree, now known as a bodhi tree.  He went into trance and the four noble truths came to him.  Following his enlightenment, the Buddha gathered five of his companions and delivered his first sermon.  He preached that those searching for enlightenment should not look to find the two extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification, but should also avoid them.  He taught instead that they should discover the middle path that leads to vision, to knowledge, to calmness, to awakening and to nirvana. Nirvana is the aim of a Buddhist’s religious practice.  It is said to be ridding oneself from the delusion of ego, freeing oneself from the claims of the mundane world. Buddha taught the concept of no self.  

The Central Beliefs

The central beliefs of Buddhism stem directly from the mind, life, and personality of its founder, the Buddha.  The teachings of his first sermon were the Four Noble Truths. 

The Four Noble Truths

All life is suffering.
Suffering stems from desire.
There can be an end to desire.
The way is the Eightfold Path. 

The Eightfold Path

Right views - knowledge and understanding of the Four Noble Truths.
Right aspirations - discarding desire and avoid hurting others.
Right speech - telling the truth.
Right conduct - not stealing or cheating.
Right livelihood - earning a living in a way that does not harm or cause bloodshed to others.
Right effort - think positively in order to follow the path.
Right mindfulness - being aware of the effects of thoughts and actions.
Right meditation - attaining a peaceful state of mind. 

The teachings of Buddha were first passed down orally and eventually were written down and became the Pali Canon.  In popular bookstores the book is called the Way of Truth or “The Path of Truth”.  There are also other books written attributed to the Buddha’s teaching called the Three Baskets, so called because the original palm leaf manuscripts were kept in three woven baskets.

Buddhism Metaphysical Contributions

All particular things surrounding us come from one ultimate source, which is all-powerful, all-knowing, and all-loving. The world is the expression or manifestation of this source.

Oneness: one is the many and the many is the one. God does not dwell in the heavens.

Buddhists keep on removing selfishness and seeking the lights that is everywhere, practicing loving kindness.    

Worship and Practices

Followers of Buddhism have a number of practices.  One of the most popular is veneration of the Buddha. The devotions are carried out in a shrine room, and most Buddhists have a shrine room in their homes.  In addition, meditation and chanting are an important part of Buddhist devotional practice.  
Meditation is used to tame the mind and has many forms. Because Buddha was enlightened through meditation, it is an important part of Buddhist daily life.  Chanting is used both in the temple and in the home and is an important part of festivals.  Pilgrimages form an important part of Buddhist ritual.  Most of the destinations have to do with places that Buddha lived and died.  

The Bell Sound

On some browsers such as Internet Explorer, the sound of a Zen Bell can be heard on this web page. Bells and gongs are frequently used during meditation or as a call to meditation.  more

Techniques for self-awareness 
from the Buddhist organized spiritual practice

Meditate of one of the following prayers:

Discourse on Loving Kindess

Let your love flow outward through the universe.
To its height its depth, its broad extent,
A limitless love, without hatred or enmity.
Then as you stand or walk,
Sit or lie down,
As long as you are awake,
Strive for this with a one-pointed mind.
Your life will bring heaven to earth.
 - The Buddha.

With Every Breath

With Every breath I take today,
I vow to be awake.
And every step I take,
I vow to take with a grateful heart-
So I may see with eyes of love
Into the hearts of all I meet.
To ease their burden when I can
And touch them with a smile of peace. 
-A Buddhist prayer

Participate in the following Walking meditation:

Take a moment to center yourself, tune into your breathing.  Notice where you are.  Take a moment to discern which direction you would like to move in.  Observe around you and pick a target as your final destination.  Observe your balance on your feet, is your weight physically equally on both feet.  Now choose a foot to lift and take your first step.  Notice how it feels to be moving in a direction that you choose.  Take a moment and have one foot out in front before you; bring up the other foot to join the first.  How does it feel to be in the past and the present at the same time?  There is no right or wrong answer, just how you feel with your actions and decisions.  Now take the next step.  With deliberate action, step by step, move toward your target.  Notice your breathing; did you stop your breathing? Now imagine that there is some obstacle to your goal; you have to move around the object.  Which way do you choose to move toward your goal? How does it feel? Having cleared the object, adjust your direction and move now rapidly toward your goal.  How goes it feel to move toward your target without hampering?  You have now reached your goal destination.  Tune into the sense of accomplishment.  Tune into how it feels to reach your goal. Regroup your total experience.  Share with a partner or group what you learned from your participation in this exercise and also what your highlight was in participating in the exercise.  

For Further Learning

Movies/videos suggestions
10 Questions for the Dalai Lama 
Seven Years in Tibet  wikipedia
Siddhartha   imdb

Suggested reading:
"The Door of Liberation: Essential Teachings of the Tibetan Buddhist Tradition" by Geshe Thupten Wangyal   amazon
"Buddha: A Story of Enlightenment" by Deepak Chopra  website
"How to Expand Love" by His Holiness, the Dalai Lama amazon

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